Knowledge regarding Mental Illness among
Community people in selected areas of Batala, Punjab
Rintumol P R1*, Hardeep Kaur2,
Amanpreet Kaur3
1PhD Nursing Scholar, Department of Mental Health
Nursing, UCON, BFUHS, Punjab, India.
2Principal, Department of Community Health Nursing,
UCON, BFUHS, Punjab, India.
3Principal, Department of Mental Health Nursing, Khalsa
College of Nursing, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
*Corresponding Author
E-mail: softy.sr.chaturvedi@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Background: Mental illness represents a wide spectrum of
psychological and emotional disturbances that significantly affect daily
functioning, interpersonal communication, and overall quality of life. The
World Health Organization defines psychiatric disability as a condition in
which mental disorders substantially impair essential life activities such as
learning, communication, and social interaction. Despite advances in treatment,
stigma and negative perceptions persist, often resulting in discrimination,
social exclusion, and reluctance to seek help. This study aimed to assess the
level of knowledge regarding mental illness among community members in selected
areas of Batala, Punjab. Material and Methods: This study used a
quantitative research approach with a survey research design. 100 community
people were selected by using a Convenient sampling technique within the
selected areas of Batala. Data were collected using the socio-demographic
Performa and self-structured questionnaire. Results: Among the 100-community
people ,53% of individuals had inadequate knowledge followed by 40% who had
average knowledge and only 7% had adequate knowledge regarding mental illness.
Association between the level of knowledge regarding mental illness among
community people with their selected demographic variables showed that there is
no significant association found between the demographic variables and the
level of knowledge except with Age. Conclusion: The findings of the
study showed that the majority ie. 53% of the community people have inadequate
knowledge regarding mental illness. Hence there is a need to boost the
knowledge of community people by organizing community awareness campaigns so
that stigma related to mental illness can be reduced. The study concludes that
the level of knowledge regarding mental illness among community members remains
inadequate. Limited understanding may delay treatment-seeking, perpetuate
stigma, and hinder recovery among affected individuals. Strengthening public
education on mental health issues is therefore essential. Health professionals
and community leaders should collaborate to develop culturally relevant
awareness campaigns and educational programs that emphasize the causes,
symptoms, prevention, and management of mental illness. Such initiatives can
enhance community participation, improve attitudes toward mental health, and
contribute to the early identification and management of mental health
problems. Promoting mental health literacy at the community level is vital to
achieving inclusivity, compassion, and improved quality of life for all
individuals.
KEYWORDS: Assess,
knowledge, mental illness, community people.
INTRODUCTION:
Mental health refers to a well-functioning state of
mind that enables an individual to work productively, build meaningful
relationships, and cope effectively with life’s challenges1. In
contrast, mental illness comprises disorders that disturb a person’s thinking,
emotions, and behavior, thereby impairing their their capacity to connect with
people and handle everyday responsibilities “Mental illness” can encompass a
wide range of conditions, from mild depression to severe schizophrenia.
Unfortunately, discrimination against individuals with mental illness remains
widespread. Many fear seeking help due to stigma and often isolate themselves
from loved ones and the community. This self-withdrawal, combined with societal
rejection, increases the overall burden of illness for the individual, their
family, and society at large. Stigma not only hinders treatment-seeking but
also adds significant social and economic costs.2
The community has long been recognized as a vital
element in both the development and recovery of mental illness. Earlier
research primarily emphasized the family’s etiological role, but the
perspective has since broadened to include the community as a “respondent” to a
member’s mental illness. This shift highlights how the presence of a person
with mental illness can affect the community through economic strain, social
tension, and stigma — collectively contributing to what is termed the
*community burden3
One of the largest obstacles to treating people with
mental illness is the stigma attached to it. Stigma is widely understood as a
combination of three interrelated components - ignorance (lack of
understanding), prejudice (negative attitudes), and discrimination (avoidance
or exclusionary behavior4
The public continues to have limited understanding of
mental illness compared to other health issues. Ignorance and pessimism remain
major barriers to improving the daily experiences of those impacted and their
relatives, as these attitudes undermine effective patient care and
rehabilitation. Increased understanding and awareness are often linked to more
positive attitudes toward individuals with mental illness, and the confidence
that these conditions are correctable can motivate for obtaining professional
guidance and enhance recovery outcomes5.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO),
nearly 7.5% of people in India are affected by psychological disorders, with 56
million people experiencing depression and 38 million affected by anxiety
disorders.6
In Punjab alone, one in eight individuals suffers from
mental illness, and nearly 80% do not receive appropriate treatment. The
National Mental Health Survey of Punjab (2016–17) revealed a lifetime
prevalence of 18% and a current prevalence of 13% for mental illness in the
state.7
Despite its high prevalence, mental illness continues
to be misunderstood and are frequently blamed on individual shortcomings or
attributed to supernatural explanations, like possession by malevolent forces.
Multiple social and behavioral factors within the
community contribute to the onset or worsening of mental illness. Among these,
alcohol abuse stands out as a significant concern, producing severe physical,
psychological, and emotional consequences including anxiety, depression, and
personality disturbances8 Substance abuse not only affects
individuals but also strains family relationships, disrupts employment, and
weakens community functioning.
In today’s digital era, the growing trend of selfies
and social media preoccupation has been associated with narcissistic traits,
low self-esteem, and body image disturbances — particularly among young people.
These behaviors may precipitate or exacerbate mental health problems,
underscoring the importance of promoting healthy media habits, emotional
resilience, and self-awareness within communities.⁹
Another particularly vulnerable group is adolescents,
who constitute nearly 30% of India’s population. This age group faces unique
psychological stressors related to identity formation, peer influence, and
social comparison, often intensified by social media exposure. Parents and
caregivers play a pivotal role in fostering healthy emotional development
during this stage; however, their ability to do so depends on their awareness
and understanding of mental health issues.10
Inadequate knowledge among personal care assistant
regarding the early warning signs and home management of mental illness further
compounds the problem. A study by T. Manju et al.11 reported that
out of 100 caregivers, 14% possessed excellent knowledge, 73% had good
understanding, 11% exhibited average awareness, and 2% demonstrated poor
knowledge related to the early detection and care of mental illness. Such
knowledge deficits lead to delays in help-seeking, intensify caregiver burden,
and increase the risk of relapse among patients. Joshi B H & V N Rani12
found that caregivers of psychiatric patients face greater stress and emotional
strain than those caring for individuals with chronic physical illnesses,
highlighting the urgent need to strengthen mental health literacy at the
community level.
Despite global and national efforts, much remains to
be done to achieve mental health for all. One major barrier to progress is the
limited community involvement in mental health initiatives, particularly in
rural areas. No health program can succeed without the active participation of
its target population. Engagement can be strengthened through village leaders,
educators, youth groups, women’s organizations, local chiefs, and faith-based
institutions each of which contributes significantly in promoting mental health
and preventing illness at grassroots level13.
The hesitation to seek psychiatric help often leads to
delayed intervention. The benefits of improved mental health services depend
not only on the quality and accessibility of these services but also on the
knowledge, attitudes, and belief systems of individuals and their communities.
These factors significantly influence treatment utilization, adherence, and
recovery outcomes 14
Evaluating the knowledge 15 of community
members about insanity is therefore essential to identify misconceptions and
awareness gaps. This assessment can inform the creation of focused instructive
programs, awareness campaigns, and community involvement 16 designed
to enhance mental health literacy.17 Early identification of
symptoms and timely intervention supported by evidence-based treatment and
strong community networks can accelerate recovery and reduce illness-related
harm⁶
The present study underscores the importance of
assessing community knowledge regarding mental illness as a foundation for
promoting mental health literacy. With social trends such as increased social
media use, adolescent vulnerability, alcohol abuse, and inadequate caregiver
knowledge contributing to mental distress, community-based education and
awareness are essential to reduce stigma and foster a supportive environment
for mental well-being.18
METHODS:
Design:
The study was conducted as a survey research design.
Time and Setting:
The study was conducted at selected areas of Batala,
District Gurdaspur between 25th April to 10th May 2024.
Population and sample:
The sample size was calculated using the formula Z2pq/d2,
where p=33.3% represents the prevalence or knowledge rate of mental illness 19
, and d is the allowable error set at 10%. Including a 10% non-response rate,
the final sample size was 100 participants. The study participants were males
and females aged 21 to 60 years who were willing to take part. A
non-probability convenience sampling method was employed to select the sample.
Data was collected through face-to-face interviews using a self-structured questionnaire.
Content validity was ensured by reviewing relevant literature and consulting
subject experts. The questionnaire was translated into Punjabi with expert
assistance to ensure cultural relevance, followed by a back translation to
English to verify accuracy. The tool was pilot-tested on 10% of the sample, and
necessary modifications were made based on the findings.
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Community people in selected area of Batala, district
Gurudaspur, Punjab
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Enrolment
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Subjects selected through convenient sampling and
assessed for eligibility (n=180)
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Excluded (n=80)
Did not satisfy the eligibility requirements
(n=50)
Abstained from participating (n=30)
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Were identified by using the formula Z2pq/d2
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Registration of 100 adults to participate
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Data collection through survey using demographic
Performa & self-structured Questionnaire
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Analysis=100
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Figure 1 -Consort flow diagram
Inclusion Criteria:
Adult male and female
· Subjects present for data collection
· Subjects aged between 21-60 years
· Subjects ready to engage in the research.
Exclusion Criteria:
Adult male and female
· Subjects who cannot read and write.
· Subjects hesitant to take part.
· Subjects inaccessible during data
collection.
Data Collection Tools:
A Demographic Performa and the self-structured
Questionnaire were used to collect the data.
Demographic Performa:
This Performa comprises nine items addressing the
following domains: age, gender, Religion, educational status, marital status,
leisure activities, occupation, monthly income, and family history of mental
illness.
Self-structured Questionnaire:
The tool was established in alignment with the
specific objectives of the study and after an extensive review of literature,
seeking opinions of experts, formal and informal discussions with peer groups,
and researcher professional experience. The questionnaire included
multiple-response items designed to assess knowledge of mental illness, with
each correct answer assigned one mark. The total possible score was 23, with
knowledge levels interpreted as follows: adequate knowledge (16-23), average
knowledge (8-15), and inadequate knowledge (0-7). The reliability of the
instrument was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha, yielding a reliability
coefficient of [(r=0.78)], indicating the internal consistency of the tool.
Data collection:
Approval for the study was granted by the Municipal
Commissioner of Batala. The purpose and nature of the research were thoroughly
explained to the adult participants, and informed consent was duly obtained
from each. Data collection occurred from April 25, 2024, to May 10, 2024. The
researcher personally conducted the survey, reading the data collection
instruments aloud to the participants and recording their responses. The
process of completing the data collection tools required approximately 15 to 20
minutes per participant.
Data analysis:
Data entry and processing were conducted using the
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 (SPSS Inc.,
Chicago, IL, USA)20 following data editing and coding. Descriptive statistics,
including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, were employed to
assess participants' knowledge levels.
RESULTS:
Upon assessment of the descriptive characteristics, it
was found that the maximum participants were within the age range of 31 to 40
years, were female, were Sikh, had secondary education, were married, were
using mobile as leisure activity, were un-employed, and had a monthly income of
Rs/- 20,001 to 30,000/- and No history of mental illness in the family. (Table
-1)
Table -1 Frequency and percentage distribution of
sample characteristics
N=100
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S No:
|
Characteristics
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Frequency
|
Percentage
|
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1.
|
Age
21-30 years
31-40 years
41-50 years
51-60 years
|
43
48
8
1
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43 %
48 %
8 %
1 %
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2.
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Gender
Male
Female
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29
71
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29 %
71%
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|
3.
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Religion
Hindu
Sikh
Christian
Muslim
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06
75
01
18
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6 %
75 %
1 %
18 %
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4
|
Educational status
No Formal education
Primary
secondary
Graduation
|
6
30
44
20
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6 %
30 %
44 %
20 %
|
|
5
|
Marital status
Married
single
widow
Divorce
|
62
21
06
30
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62 %
21 %
06 %
30 %
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6
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Leisure activity
Sleeping
Using mobile
Music
Any other
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12
35
08
45
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12 %
35 %
8 %
45 %
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7.
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Occupation
Unemployed
Self -employed
Private employee
Government employee
|
31
27
12
30
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31 %
27 %
12 %
30 %
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8
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Monthly income
11,000 – 20,000 RS /-
20,001 - 30,000 Rs /-
30,001 - 40,000 Rs /-
Above 40,000 Rs /-
|
42
44
06
08
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42 %
44 %
6 %
8 %
|
|
9
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H/O of mental illness in family
No
Yes
|
69
31
|
69 %
31 %
|
Figure -2: Level of knowledge regarding mental illness
among community people N=100
The figure illustrates the level of knowledge
regarding mental illness among community members. It was observed that 53% of
the participants possessed inadequate knowledge, 40% demonstrated average
knowledge, and only 7% exhibited adequate knowledge.
Table -2: Level of knowledge regarding mental illness
among community people N=100
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Level of Knowledge
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F
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%
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Mean
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Sd
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Inadequate
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53
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53
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7.82
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4.9855
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Average
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40
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40
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Adequate
|
7
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7
|
The above table illustrates the level of knowledge
regarding mental illness among community members. It was found that 53% of
participants had inadequate knowledge, 40% had average knowledge, and only 7%
possessed adequate knowledge. The mean knowledge score of the community was
7.82, with a standard deviation of 4.9855.
Table 3: Association between level of knowledge
regarding mental illness among community people with selected sociodemographic
variables
N=100
|
S. No
|
Socio demographic variable
|
Adequate
|
Average
|
Inadequate
|
Chi-square
Df
P-value
|
|
1.
|
Age
21-30 years
31-40 years
41-50 years
51-60 years
|
3
4
0
0
|
23
11
6
0
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17
33
2
1
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14.37*
6
12.59
|
|
2.
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Gender
Male
Female
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3
4
|
11
29
|
15
38
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0.7090
2
5.99
NS
|
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3.
|
Religion
Hindu
Sikh
Christian
Muslim
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1
5
0
1
|
2
35
0
3
|
3
35
1
14
|
7.766
6
12.59
NS
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|
4
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Educational status
No Formal education
Primary
secondary
Graduation
|
0
2
5
0
|
1
13
15
11
|
5
15
24
9
|
6.784
6
12.59
NS
|
|
5
|
Marital status
Married
single
widow
Divorce
|
4
3
0
8
|
27
11
2
10
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31
7
4
12
|
4.189
6
12.59
NS
|
|
6
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Leisure activity
Sleeping
Using mobile
Music
Any other
|
1
1
0
5
|
4
15
2
19
|
7
19
6
21
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4.391
6
12.59
NS
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7.
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Occupation
Unemployed
Self -employee
Private employee
Government employee
|
2
3
0
2
|
10
11
10
9
|
19
13
2
19
|
7.766
6
12.59
NS
|
|
8
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Monthly income
11,000 – 20,000 RS /-
20,001 - 30,000 Rs /-
30,001 - 40,000 Rs /-
Above 40,000 Rs /-
|
3
3
1
0
|
18
17
3
2
|
21
24
2
6
|
3.36
6
12.59
NS
|
|
9
|
H/O of mental illness in family
No
Yes
|
5
2
|
26
14
|
38
15
|
0.498
2
5.99
NS
|
NS – Not
significant *P < 0.05 Level of significance
Table 3 denotes the association between the level of
knowledge and selected demographic variables. The result reveals that there is
no significant association found between the demographic variables and the
level of knowledge except with Age.
The calculated chi-square value for age is 14.37,
which exceeds the critical value of 12.59 at 6 degrees of freedom. Therefore,
the research hypothesis (H1) stating that “there is a significant association
between the level of knowledge regarding mental illness among community members
and their selected demographic variables” is accepted at the 0.05 significance
level for age. Regarding the other demographic variables, the above-stated
hypothesis is rejected.
DISCUSSION:
The present study evaluated community knowledge
regarding mental illness among residents of Batala, Punjab. Results showed that
a majority (53%) of participants had inadequate knowledge about mental illness.
This finding aligns with several international and national studies that have
reported similar levels of limited awareness. Birkie and Anbesaw21
identified poor knowledge among 55.3% of participants in Ethiopia, while
Mojiminiyi et al.22 found that 51.2% of adults in a Nigerian
community exhibited poor knowledge of mental disorders. Likewise, Doumit et al.23
observed that 67% of participants in Lebanon had inadequate understanding
of mental illness. The current results are also consistent with those of Ganesh24,
who reported insufficient public knowledge in Southern India.
Similarly, Abolfotouh et al.25 found that
the majority of the Saudi population (87.5%) reported deficient knowledge about
the nature of mental illness. Conversely, Jarso et al26 reported
that 72% of respondents in Ethiopia had good knowledge, and Jha and Mandal 27
found that nearly 98% of respondents in Nepal demonstrated adequate
understanding. Such discrepancies may stem from variations in education,
exposure to awareness campaigns, and differences in the accessibility of mental
health services across regions. In the present study, a significant association
was observed between knowledge and age, suggesting that older individuals may
possess greater awareness, possibly due to life experience or increased
exposure to health information. However, this contrasts with the findings of
Mojiminiyi et al.22, who reported no significant association between
age and knowledge level. Overall, the study underscores the urgent need for
enhanced community-based mental health education through outreach programs,
public health campaigns, and the inclusion of mental health literacy
initiatives in primary care settings. Improving public understanding can reduce
stigma, promote help-seeking behaviors, and ultimately foster a more supportive
environment for individuals with mental illness.
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY:
Despite the intriguing results, it is important to
consider the limitations of the study before drawing any conclusions. Only
residents of particular areas of Batala were accessible to the researchers.
Future research may compare knowledge, attitudes, and practices in a variety of
settings with a sizable sample size.
CONCLUSION:
The study concludes that the level of knowledge
regarding mental illness among community members remains inadequate. Limited
understanding may delay treatment-seeking, perpetuate stigma, and hinder
recovery among affected individuals. Strengthening public education on mental
health issues is therefore essential. Health professionals and community
leaders should collaborate to develop culturally relevant awareness campaigns
and educational programs that emphasize the causes, symptoms, prevention, and
management of mental illness. Such initiatives can enhance community
participation, improve attitudes toward mental health, and contribute to the
early identification and management of mental health problems. Promoting mental
health literacy at the community level is vital to achieving inclusivity,
compassion, and improved quality of life for all individuals.
ETHICS STATEMENT:
Formal ethical approval was taken from the
Institutional Ethical Review Committee (ERC) (letter no- RIN/2023/19, December
2023). A formal permission was taken from the significant authorities
(Municipal Commissioner). The study objectives were explained to all
participants and they were assured their personal data and responses would be
kept confidential. Informed written consent was taken from all participants.
Our study was not funded by any institution.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
The authors
declare no conflicts of interest.
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